Essay Hemmingway-hills Like White El - 712 Words

Writing styles changed drastically from the nineteenth to twentieth centuries. The nineteenth century had authorial intervention and authors wrote about things they had never experienced, where as the twentieth century had a lot of hidden symbols and images and writings were more generally based on events in which the authors had been a part of. Many people thought these amp;#8220;hard to understand writings would be a temporary phase of literature, but authors such as Ernest Hemingway wrote in such a branding way that this writing style has been a constant example of a powerful literary expression. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hemingway was one of the best users of symbols and images. In the story Hills†¦show more content†¦Hemingway also uses images to tell you the choice they make. When it says amp;#8220;he picked up the two heavy bags and carried them around the station to the other tracks; it is telling you that they changed their minds, chose the different path, and decided not to get the abortion. There are also some not so hidden images. When he describes the scenery Hemingway is just trying to give you an idea of the type of environment they are in. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These other symbols and images, though, were hidden emotional feelings or contained no authorial intervention. A usual nineteenth century piece would tell you what to think by coming right out and saying it. Nineteenth, instead of saying amp;#8220;I feel fine, Thereamp;#8217;s nothing wrong with me I feel fine,; where her true feelings are hidden inside, would say something along the lines of amp;#8220;I hope we made the right decision, for I donamp;#8217;t want this to hurt our relationship in any way.; This is telling you exactly how she is feeling and why she is concerned. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hemingwayamp;#8217;s writings also had the modern characteristic of drawing heavily in the own experience for the plots, settings, and characters in his works. This made his writings more realistic than nineteenth

POETRY 2 - 11389 Words

A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories Volume I — Poems Teachers’ Handbook ICSE Edited by: P. Pinto Phones: 23244660 (Sales) 23246113 (Fax)  © Reserved with the Publishers First Edition: 2014 Price: Rs. 40.00 Beeta Publications (A Unit of MSB Publishers Pvt. Ltd.) 4626/18, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 Website: www.studentsmorningstar.com E-mail: info@studentsmorningstar.com A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories Volume I — Poems  1. Where the Mind is Without Fear 5 — 7 Rabindranath Tagore 2. The Inchcape Rock 7 — 11 Robert Southey 3. In the Bazaars of Hyderabad 11 — 14 Sarojini Naidu 4. Small Pain in My Chest 14 — 17 Michael Mack 5. The Professor†¦show more content†¦III. (i) ‘Tireless striving’ means to work hard without getting tired to achieve perfection. The poet wants his countrymen to achieve the highest goals, i.e., freedom at all levels — political, religious, spiritual, moral and intellectual. (ii) Reasoning allows a person to have clarity of thoughts without being restricted by narrow domestic walls such as caste, colour, creed, religion, region and superstitions. That is why it has been compared to a clear stream which is free of all impurities. (iii) ‘Dreary desert sand of dead habit’ is a metaphor. Through this metaphor the poet wants to say that his countrymen should work for perfection in everything and should not be led astray from their goal in the dry desert of dead habits, i.e., in a place where outdated customs and traditions are followed. (iv) According to the poet, the hurdles in achieving perfection include the outdated customs and traditions ba sed on irrational thinking rather than sound reasoning and scientific thought. (v) The figure of speech in the third line of the given extract is a ‘metaphor’. For explanation refer to answer (iii) above. (vi) This poem by Rabindranath Tagore is taken from his original volume called Naibedya, which bears the title ‘Prarthana’, i.e., prayer. In this poem, the poet prays to a universal father-figure, i.e., God to let his countryShow MoreRelatedPlacing a $2 Bet Poetry Analysis1071 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Placing a $2 Bet† Poetry Analysis â€Å"Placing a $2 Bet for a Man Who Will Never Go to the Horse Races Any More† by Diane Wakoski is an expression of animosity she feels toward her father after meeting him for the first time in 14 years. It is an exploration of her philosophy of life and how her unhappy childhood has impacted her. Wakoski writes about her painful relationship with her father and explores the distant and miniscule relationship between father and daughter. â€Å"Placing a $2 Bet† is a poemRead More Modernist Poets E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot Change the Face of American Poetry1710 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Poetry Modernist poets such as E.E. 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A Case Study on Chest Pain-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Chest Pain. Answer: Introduction The report is a basic representation of the case who is suffering from severe chest pain and she is brought in the emergency department of the city Hospital. The report discusses the various diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and the treatment processes of the patient. It also observes the history and the present condition of the patient. History of the Patient Presenting the complaint of the patient Julie is a 50-year-old man who is a New Zealand origin was admitted in the hospital yesterday at 5 ma in the morning with the complaint of acute and crushing chest pain. She has reported that he woke up at 4 am in the morning with a substernal form of pressure and the patient felt that somebody was standing on his chest. She has also experienced a huge amount of breathing problem while he was taken to the hospital. On the way to the hospital, he was given 0.4 mg of nitroglycerin to get some sort of relief. She also began to sweat heavily in the ambulance. He has also vomited once in the ambulance. She also reported that the rate of chest pain is about 6 out of 1-0 in the scale of pain. The pain has not radiated since the last few minutes. On his arrival in the Emergency department of the hospital, he has complained that he is still under the problem of hid pressure in the chest and now his pain has mediated to his hands and jaws. There were no signs of pain in the back and the abdome n from his complains. She was immediately given oxygen in the emergency department for improving his loss in breath. Therefore, after a while he was in the emergency ward he was experiencing nausea. History of the presenting problem Julie has complained that he has been having chest pain from past two weeks. She observed that she was suffering this pain whenever he was at rest sitting or sleeping, while exercising and also while taking his meals. Julie is a patient of Hypertension from the last five years and she also under medication for the same. She has complained that he has recurrent form of chest pain is like a pressure in the left side of the heart. She also reported that the rate of chest pain is about 6 out of 1-0 in the scale of pain. The pain has not radiated since the last few minutes. Family History Julie did not have any childhood disease and never have been gone through any surgery rather than when her son was born. She is the only daughter of her parents. Her father died at the age of 60 years due to severe cardiac arrest. Social and professional history Julie is a renowned architect in New Zealand and she lives with her husband and her son. She is married to her husband since 30 years. Three early diagnostic considerations In case of woman, the clinicians often misjudge the chest pain and tend to evaluations the pain of the chest to be a normal pain overlooking the symptoms of the angina pain. However, there are huge level of differences that do exist in the frequency and the quality of the symptoms that are been seen in male patients to the female patients (Wang et al., 2014). In a research it was also found that out of 3100 patients who were undergoing the test of stress exercise, 28% were woman and 55% were male who were currently suffering from acute form of angina; pain. Women are always more likely to have the symptoms of unexplainable form of nausea, shortness of breath, fatigue, back pain and sleep disturbances compared to the men.In the patients who do actually are not presently having the symptoms of acute coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction has been found to have occurred twice as likely in men as in women. In case of the acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the initial form of presentation of the chest pain is more often to be common in the men than the women (Zhang et al., 2017). However, the women with the acute form of MI are always known to be the older and more susceptible form of the complications, and hence making of the diagnosis for them is a key. The presence of the hypertension or diabetes always tends to increases the probability of the diagnosis of acute form of heart diseases. It is important that we recognize that the men and the women comes across the same form of diseases and they also respond to the acute myocardial infarctions within the given context of the societal influences (Mozaffarian et al., 2014). They tends to lay their public believes to the following that are the most common form of symptoms of heart attack, which includes chest pain, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, and an inability to move. However, there are clinicians who certainly use the classical symptoms of the diaphoresis, nausea and vomiting, weakness, and syncope for the assessment of the patients (Zhang et al., 2017). It is very interesting to observe that the psychosocial factors that are very much important in case of women than that of the men. Women always tend to misjudge their own risks of heart diseases. Several Studies have observed that the women have been experiencing such symptom of the MI more often that are attended to their various forms of the social form of responsibilities as the mother or the homemaker, whereas the men have their sole focus is on the need for the care of their symptoms. The co morbidity is an essential form of knowing all about the diagnostic criteria of cardio vascular disease. Firstly due to constant pain in the chest can be hint of severe form of regarding the heart. It has been generally seen in patients that due to advanced age they are having angina pain. Second reason can be diabetes. The third sign can be the pain in the jaws, neck and lower abdomen (Mozaffarian et al., 2014). Fourth sign can be the shortening of the breath and the last sign can be the no cturnal angina or due to angina due to severe mental stress. Physical examination The physical examination of the patient with acute chest pain is the best way to know their health conditions. The abnormalities that are revealed in the examination of the acute cardiac pain includes the abnormalities in the rate of the pulse and the heart sounds, the hypo or the hypertension, and that can be the signs of heart failure (Mozaffarian et al., 2014). The crepitation reveals that by auscultation in one or both the bases suggests signs of pneumonia or the case of failure in the heart. There has been reduced sound in the breath on one of the side that can be caused by the pneumothora or are produced focally due to the collapsed lobe. Any form of tenderness on the palpation over the areas of the chest can cause pain that are usually indicates the cause of the musculoskeletal problems that generally includes costochondritis (Crippa et al., 2014). However, there are many patients who are been diagnosed with MI and also have gone acute chest wall pain on the presentation. Any origin of gastrointestinal problems can create chest pain that are associated with the normal form of the cardiac and the respiratory examination, that are unless they are existing but they are in a stable co morbidity (Crippa et al., 2014). An abnormal abdominal are more likely to make the examination of the etiology of gastrointestinal problems. Basic observations are also to be done that generally includes the temperature, BP rate of the pulse and the rate of the heart (Crippa et al., 2014). However, in case of Julie she was feeling nausea when she was taken to the emergency department. Her Blood Pressure is quite high that was 140/120, her heart rate was irregular, her oxygen saturation rate was about 80% and she had the complaint of acute chest pain. The ECG that is performed in most of the patients are not done unless there is a non-cardiac diagnosis that can be made with super confidence. The ECG of the patient should be done as soon as possible after presentation from the doctor (Crippa et al., 2014). The CXR can be confirmed when the respiratory disorders such as pneumothorax or pneumonia does exist. The cardiac ischaemia is generally characterised by the normal form of the CXR, but there are CXR that can provide the clues that are serious for the cardiac pathology, that has the widened form of mediastinum in the aortic dissectionor a very large globular heart in the cardiac tamponade. There are blood tests that are also done on the basis of the present of the patients. An FBC should be ordered to screen for anaemia and evidence of infection. A renal profile is useful as a baseline test. There are some of the further investigations that are needed to be done to confirm the suspected diagnosis. Coronary angiography is required urgently in patients with a STEMI and in patients with an NSTEMI who have high-risk features such as ongoing chest pain and dynamic ECG changes. Differential Diagnosis The various causes of the cardiac arrest includes the arrhythmias, structural form of the heart disease, and the myocardial dysfunction . The non-cardiac form of causes that includes the processes that have increased the preload, increased the different forms of the after load and therefore reduce the rate of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (Newcomb et al., 2013). For instance, in case of the renal failures it can result in the heart failure due to the several fluid retention and anemia. The lymphatic form of the obstruction and the venous obstruction syndromes can be a major cause states that forms of edema, and obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) that can eventually lead to the right-sided failure of the heart with right side ventricular hypertrophy. The diastolic form of the heart failure may be the most common form of the heart failure among the population of Australia. There are alterations in the ventricular and the arterial coupling that can appear to have the key importance in the impairment of the responses of the hemodynamic response to the exercise, but there are diagnosis of the diastolic heart failure that cannot be neglected even in the existence of the normal form of the diastolic function at its rest (Newcomb et al., 2013). The failure of the heart should be differentiated from the pulmonary edema that are associated with the injury that are found in the alveolar-capillary membrane of the heart and that are caused by the diverse form of the etiologies (Newcomb et al., 2013). The increased form of the capillary permeability is the observed form of the trauma, shock infections in the respiratory tracts, hemorrhagic, sepsis, administration of the several drugs, and the ingestion of the toxins (eg, heroin, cocaine, toxic gases). Several features may also differentiate between the carcinogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. For the patients with heart failure, the history for the acute form of cardiac arrest and the progressive form of the heart failure symptoms are always present. The physical form of examination may yield clues to acute heart failure. In the elderly patients, confusion and fatigue can eventually be one of the first sort of symptoms for the failure of the heart, which is obviously related to the decrease in the cardiac output. Diagnostic tests Various diagnostic tests are to be conducted to be sure that what kind of disease the patient is suffering through. Angiogram Coronary angiogram The coronary angiogram is generally done when the patient is having major or minor heart attack. It is done to know the current position of the heart. It is also known as cardiac catheterization. The coronary angiograms helps rthe doctors to understand the best treatment that can be given to the patient. Sometimes coronary angioplastisity is the best way to treat the heart blockage. The cardiologist will discuss this option with you before the procedure and it is your choice whether to proceed Blood tests In case of the heart diseases, there are various forms of the substances that are seen in the blood of the patients body. However, the blood tests can also measure the level of the toxic substances and can also tell that how much damage has been occurred in the heart. The most common test that are done for checking the level of heart attack is through the test of the level of troponin in the body. Blood test are also needed for the observation of the other particles like fat, minerals and cholesterol. Blood pressure monitoring The monitoring of the blood pressure are also one of the common factor that can cause severe disease in the patient. In this case Julie is suffering from hypertension and is under medication for the same. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the level of the blood pressure of the patient in a frequent interval. Chest X-ray The chest X ray are also helpful as they can guide the patients to know that there are any signs of the heart attack or not. Echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) It is a common form of heart ultrasound that gives the picture of the functioning of the heart. It uses the probe towards the chest and sometimes it comes down to the esophagus. This test helps the doctor to check whether the problem lies in the heart valves and chambers or the problem is with the heart-pumping rate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) An MRI is actually the very strong magnets that are created by the radio waves to get a detailed image of the heart on the computer. It can take the pictures that are still or moving from the heart of the patient. Sometimes it has the special dye that is used for making the parts of the heart and the coronary arteries easier to see. Stress tests The stress test helps the doctor to know how the heart works and how the patients should remain active physically. This is done generally done by testing the stamina of the patient through the treadmill running. Tilt tests The Doctors usually use the tilt tests to observe whether there are different body positions that will eventually trigger the abnormal beat of the heart. They are very much useful for the investigating of the hearts of the people who can faint without any explanation. Diagnostic reason and formulation The heart muscles are the most important muscles of the body. The coronary artery disease is the disease that are generally referred to the disease that are build up of the cholesterol in the layers of the artery that causes the blood flow in the body that may produce the arteries that may cause the blood flow to slower down and stop. The heart disease is the result of the plaque that are build up for the arteries of the population that blocks the flow of the blood that tends to heighten the risk of the heart attacks and the stroke. These heart diseases can cause the blockage and clotting in the heart that results in causing the attacks in the heart. There are arteries in the body of the individuals that are smooth and elastic. They become narrow and it also become starved for the level of the oxygen that can be vital in the nutrients that are needed for the pumping of the blood in a proper way. The plaques eventually release its chemicals that have promoted the process of the healing but it makes the inner side of the walls of the vessels of the blood very sticky. Then there are other substances, that include the inflammatory cells, calcium and the lipoproteins that can travel in the bloodstream of the patient and can start with the sticking of the inside of the vessel walls. Eventually, a there is a narrowed form of the coronary artery that may develop in the new vessels of the blood that can go around the various blockage to get the blood that is flowing in the heart. However, when there is a increased form of exertion of the body or stress, the new form of the arteries may be unable to supply the enough amount of the oxygen-rich blood to the muscles of the heart. In some of the cases, the clot in the blood may eventually block the supply of the blood to the muscles of the heart that may cause the heart attack. However, if the vessels of the blood that are connected to th e brain are blocked, usually forms clots in the blood that can result in a ischemic stroke. However, in case of Julie, she was suffering from 30% heart blockage so the doctor have prescribed to get a angioplasting done as soon as possible. Conclusion From the above report we can hence conclude that Julie is suffering from cardio vascular disease and she needs to go through angiogram to reduce the rate of her heart blockage References Crippa, A., Discacciati, A., Larsson, S. C., Wolk, A., Orsini, N. (2014). Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis.American journal of epidemiology,180(8), 763-775. Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvad, J., Covas, M. I., Corella, D., Ars, F., ... Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (2013). Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.New England Journal of Medicine,368(14), 1279-1290. Harvey, R. E., Coffman, K. E., Miller, V. M. (2015). Women-specific factors to consider in risk, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Womens Health,11(2), 239-257. Kavousi, M., Leening, M. J., Nanchen, D., Greenland, P., Graham, I. M., Steyerberg, E. W., ... Franco, O. H. (2014). Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in a European cohort.Jama,311(14), 1416-1423. Larsson, S. C., Wolk, A. (2015). Urinary cadmium and mortality from all causes, cancer and cardiovascular disease in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.International journal of epidemiology,45(3), 782-791. Mozaffarian, D., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Engell, R. E., ... Powles, J. (2014). Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes.New England Journal of Medicine,371(7), 624-634. Muntner, P., Davis, B. R., Cushman, W. C., Bangalore, S., Calhoun, D. A., Pressel, S. L., ... Rahman, M. (2014). Treatment-Resistant Hypertension and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease.Hypertension, HYPERTENSIONAHA-114. Newcomb, P. A., Kampman, E., Trentham-Dietz, A., Egan, K. M., Titus, L. J., Baron, J. A., ... Willett, W. C. (2013). Alcohol consumption before and after breast cancer diagnosis: associations with survival from breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other causes.Journal of clinical oncology,31(16), 1939-1946. Nichols, M., Townsend, N., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M. (2014). Cardiovascular disease in Europe 2014: epidemiological update.European heart journal,35(42), 2950-2959. Purnell, J. Q., Hokanson, J. E., Cleary, P. A., Nathan, D. M., Lachin, J. M., Zinman, B., ... DCCT/EDIC Research Group. (2013). The effect of excess weight gain with intensive diabetes treatment on cardiovascular disease risk factors and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes: Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC) study.Circulation,127(2). Rabar, S., Harker, M., O'flynn, N., Wierzbicki, A. S. (2014). Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of updated NICE guidance.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),349. Santulli, G. (2013). Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the 21st century: updated numbers and updated facts.J Cardiovasc Dis,1(1), 1-2. Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Smith, S. C., ... Schwartz, J. S. (2014). Treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: synopsis of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guideline.Annals of internal medicine,160(5), 339-343. Townsend, N., Wilson, L., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasinghe, K., Rayner, M., Nichols, M. (2016). Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016.Eur Heart J,37(42), 3232-45. Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., Hu, F. B. (2014). Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Bmj,349, g4490. Wronska, A., Kurkowska?Jastrzebska, I., Santulli, G. (2015). Application of microRNAs in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Acta physiologica,213(1), 60-83. Yang, B., Campbell, P. T., Gapstur, S. M., Jacobs, E. J., Bostick, R. M., Fedirko, V., ... McCullough, M. L. (2016). Calcium intake and mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.The American journal of clinical nutrition,103(3), 886-894. Yusuf, S., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., Zhu, J., Xavier, D., Liu, L., ... Avezum, A. (2016). Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease.New England Journal of Medicine,374(21), 2021-2031. Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, J., Ernstsen, L., Lavie, C. J., Hooker, S. P., Sui, X. (2017). Nonexercise Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Mortality Due to All Causes and Cardiovascular Disease: The NHANES III Study.Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality Outcomes,1(1), 16-25.

Sustainability Management

Introduction Organizational sustainability is often a very key ingredient to the survival or long-term presence of a business in a given market. However, the concept is often misunderstood to mean the financial sustainability of an organization because if an organization is unsustainable, the problem normally manifests itself in terms of financial challenges (Authenticity Consulting 2011, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability Management – British Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore important to understand that organizational sustainability is more holistic than previously believed and in simple terms, it could be equated to the sustainability of individuals, a group of people or even a country. This means that there are many aspects of an organization that have to be sustained (not just the financial aspect). These factors withstanding, it is essential to note that there are a number of primary organizational aspects that if properly sustained, will lead to the overall sustainability of an entire organization. To better gain a more comprehensive understanding of this fact, this study will carry out a case study of British Airways to have a clear picture of its sustainability status. British Airways has for long been deemed the national carrier for United Kingdom (UK) (Winthrop Corporation 2000, p. 1). Its headquarters is in London and much of its activities are grounded at Heathrow airport where most of its operations (of its airline services to more than 300 destinations around the globe) are planned. British Airways (and its subsidiary companies) have since inception undertaken passenger services (both at the local and international levels), freight services and mail services, although recent developments (in 2011) are bound to see a restructuring of the company’s operations to offer new products and services, after it merged with Ib eria (a Spanish airline company) which now holds a significant number of shares in the company (Winthrop Corporation 2000, p. 1). The company’s sustainability has often been dependant on a number of critical organizational aspects. One of them is the personnel or human resource aspect which has seen the organization go through treacherous years of intimidation and threats of strikes by the workers. Another basic organizational aspect is its financial sustainability which was brought to fore by increased competition in the airline and aviation sectors. Lastly, the organization’s sustainability greatly depends on product, service and program sustainability which has recently come to the management’s attention (again due to increased competition in the aviation market). This study will therefore explain how these sustainability areas are of importance to British Airways and how the company performs with regards to these three sustainability factors. Analysis of the Operating Environment As mentioned earlier in this study, British Airways travels to more than 500 destinations globally and because of this huge market presence, the company is considered a leader in its own light. However, in recent times, the company has faced tremendous challenges of coping with the political, economic and social intrigues of its primary markets because it is as a result of the factors prevailing in the operating environments that its future sustainability is in question.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the company’s operating environment, this study will basically focus on the political, economic and social intrigues that prevail in the company’s operating environments. Political and Legal factors British Airways has recently been affected by an increase in global terrorist threats and mo st notably, the September, 11th terrorist attacks in New York and subsequent attacks in London in the years 2005 (Oxford Information Services Limited 2010). The problem was further exacerbated by the Afghanistan and Iraq wars spearheaded by the American government, which further caused a lot of instability in its primary markets. The impact of these political events have been felt in terms of customer confidence in flying, in addition to increased regulations both in Europe and America (such as the new security regulations introduced in the summer of 2006) (Oxford Information Services Limited 2010). Also, considering the increased deregulation trend in the airline industry, BA has consistently faced stiff competition from new airline companies in its primary markets. With such conditions prevailing, the company has increasingly felt the need to make hasty and prudent decisions that will ensure its long term survival in the airline market. Such trends recently adopted include the ope n skies agreement (Oxford Information Services Limited 2010). Lastly, on the political front, BA has faced increased trade union pressures in its primary markets. These pressures have manifested themselves in form of employee strikes and more concern is yet to be registered with regards to environmental concerns, ecological issues and customer rights. Economic BA has consistently faced economic challenges in its primary markets because of the highly elastic demand of its airline services in its primary markets. Recent economic events like the 2008 global economic crunch has significantly affected its bottom-line operations while the instability in Iraq and the Middle East (compounded by recent unrests in the Arab world in Egypt, Libya, Bahrain and other oil producing nations) have managed to drive oil prices to the roofs. It is estimated that a continued rise in oil prices will increase operations costs by up to a hundred million pounds and this development is likely to further wors en the company’s economic standing (Oxford Information Services Limited 2010).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability Management – British Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social factors Social factors affecting BA vary from one destination to another but it is important to acknowledge that social factors are a great determinant of the customer needs and the potential market size in BA’s primary destinations. For example, social factors have consistently led to the growth of a grey market for the airline company which is significantly characterized by an increased need to undertake leisure travels around the globe (Oxford Information Services Limited 2010). These social factors therefore affect the lifestyle, tastes and fashions for a majority of the company’s potential customers and this has consequently affected the demand for the airline’s operations. De scription of BA’s Sustainable Features Product, Service and Program Sustainability Product and service sustainability has often been associated with financial sustainability, considering products and services essentially attract customers to a given business, and so the higher the number of customers a business has, the higher the revenues it will receive. Authenticity Consulting (2011) explains that if a business does not have high quality products, programs or services, it is bound to affect its client’s participation and this will consequently lead to the realization of low revenues. The liberalization of the airline industry, through a breakdown of economic barriers, has significantly led to increased competition among airlines around the world and in the same manner, given enough room for innovation in the creation of airline products, services and programs. This has especially been evidenced in in-flight services such as the provision of in-flight airline enterta inment (The Hindu Business Line 2011, p. 2). This has caused a lot of discomfort for most traditional airline companies like British Airways because new airline entrants have been on the forefront in spearheading the innovation of new products and services. Currently, many airline companies are investing a lot of money in the innovation of new products and services as can be seen from studies done by The Hindu Business Line (2011) which suggests that airline companies in the year 1998 invested more than $1.8 billion in the development of new products, services and programs. The significance of such investments have been acknowledged by many airline companies after recent research studies suggested that the quality of products and services essentially determine the level of customer satisfaction within a given airline company (The Hindu Business Line 2011, p. 2). This also affects a company’s bottom line. Personnel Sustainability There is concern among most businesses and mana gers across the globe that if a company does not have the right employees, then its products and services cannot have the significant impact they are intended to have (Authenticity Consulting 2011, p. 1). This means that the sustainability of a company’s products, services or programs is therefore directly dependent on the personnel sustainability.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Because of this relationship, we cannot ignore the link that these two organizational aspects (personnel sustainability and products, programs and services sustainability) have on the financial sustainability of a firm. This is true because if an organization does not have good employees, its customers are bound to experience ineffective products and services which will ultimately lead to a significant decrease in the company’s profits. Because of the importance of having a sustainable personnel team in the organization, Authenticity Consulting (2011) proposes that it is important for organizations to have a well-trained and supervised staff, and if there are employees who cannot deliver in time, they should be replaced with people who can. This analysis is important to British Airways because it has in the past been threatened by its personnel situation. Financial Sustainability As mentioned earlier, financial sustainability is normally a representation of how the organizati on performs with regards to other sustainability aspects. Often, when the above sustainability indicators are not effectively managed, a company experiences significant financial shortfalls. Regardless of the situation, Authenticity Consulting (2011) notes that organizations should at all time maintain a financial reserve (so that they are able to survive in case of a financial disaster) and undertake contingency planning (to provide direction to the companies if they do not meet their financial targets). The importance of maintaining a sound financial health for organizations cannot therefore be overemphasized because it is through good financial health that organizations can prove to their shareholders that the company is moving in the right direction. With regards to British Airways, a good financial health is vital for its sustainability, considering most of its human resource challenges are brought about by management’s decision to cut-back on its operational costs (huma n resource is one of the areas they decided to cut-back on). The company now has slightly over 40,000 employees (Smale 2005, p. 1). Nonetheless, it is vital to understand the importance of a good financial health for the company because it is only through a good financial health that the company can be able to regularly pay its workers. Moreover, it would not experience extensive employee objections due to withdrawn perks because it would not have to do so in the first place. Also, considering most airlines are expanding into new travel destinations because of deregulation of the airline sector and increased globalization, it is essential for British Airways to expand in the same respect. This will imply that the company needs to open up new offices, hire new staff, purchase more airplanes (and the likes) and this obviously means the company will require more capital to make the exercise a success. This fact reiterates the importance of having a good financial health to stay relevan t in the market. Finally, considering the company has experienced subsequent years of periodic losses (as will be evidenced in subsequent sections of this study), its financial reserve is quickly depleting and there are already increased concerns regarding the company’s ability to withstand future financial storms once its financial reserves run dry. Essentially, the company will be unsustainable upon such an eventuality or it may be forced to take debts (a move which would ultimately lead to its bankruptcy if things do not look up in the airline industry). These financial aspects are quite important not only for British Airways but all other airline companies because their financial books are normally affected by intrigues in the world economy such as the recent global economic downturn and airline accidents which have a severe financial impact on the companies. Regardless of the above dynamics, British Airways has managed to receive accreditations as the best tourism global organization (in the year 2000) through the Tourism for tomorrow awards (Black 2007). In the same manner, it has received accreditation in adopting ISO standards for lost and damaged goods and luggage (CRC 2011). Benchmarks and Good Practice Many airline companies across the globe have always used different benchmarking tools to analyze their performance. However, for the airline industry one basic element (customer loyalty) remains key in determining an airline’s sustainability standing (Hospitality-Industry 2011). Customer loyalty is especially important because it signifies the performance of all other sustainability factors. For instance, through customer loyalty, an airline’s financial sustainability would improve, and also through an increase in customer loyalty, an airline’s strategy of product and service innovation would seem to be working. To evaluate customer loyalty, the net promoter benchmark has been consistently used. One of the leading airline c ompanies that have had a good record in this criterion is the Jet blue airlines in America which scored 9 out of 10 (Hospitality-Industry 2011). BA has however not done well with regards to the net promoter scale because evidently, it has not had a good rating with regards to customer loyalty (Trim 2008). This can be attributed to increased employee strikes and an adoption of poor management principles. Analysis British Airways’ Financial Performance Sustainability Outcome Recent financial performance reports of British Airways have significantly increased investor concerns of the company’s survival (in light of increased competition). In March, 2010, the company reported one of its worst financial performances in decades, brought about by the recent global economic crunch, volcanic ash clouds in the European airspace and a number of employee strikes and walkouts (Mcghie 2010, p. 1). These factors caused the company to report financial losses of up to 425 million pound s in the period ending March, 2010 (Mcghie 2010, p. 1). This financial performance has caused jitters among the company’s board members who are increasingly registering concerns over the company’s long-term sustainability, considering the company is quickly eating into its only cash reserve of about two billion pounds (Mcghie 2010, p. 1). As mentioned earlier in this study, this poor financial performance is a symptom of the poor management of other functional areas of the company as noted with the crippling employee strikes that the company has endured over the past few months. The poor financial performance is one that is quickly painting a bleak future for the company considering it reported a 358 million pound loss in the previous year 2009 (Mcghie 2010, p. 1). In fact, during the year 2009, the company was forced to withdraw its dividend issue, and also in the same year, the company’s shares plunged by more than 6% to 152p (Mcghie 2010, p. 1). Remarks made by the company’s managing director, Willie Walsh, that there is no hope for future economic improvement in the company’s primary markets has even cast a darker cloud on the future prospects of the company considering the company expects to make more losses in coming years (Milmo 2009). These repeated losses have further increased concerns that the company may not be able to shoulder another blow in the coming years. British Airways’ Employee Performance Sustainability Outcome British Airways has over the years been faced with threats of industrial action from its workers because of the human resource strategy adopted by its managing board (Smale 2005, p. 1). The managing board actually undertook a new strategy of cost-cutting which has not been well received by its workers. This has caused many of its staff (especially the cabin crew) to walk out on the company, therefore leading to a slow down on some of the company’s operations. This has in turn painted a bad picture of the company, especially in the eyes of international investors. The company has since held on to its strategy of withdrawing perks that the company employees used to enjoy (either as a result of the fact that the company is experiencing increased operational costs or as a result of the penalties imposed on workers who went on strike). This has in turn forced the company’s employees to move to the courts to seek redress regarding the situation. The problem was started when one of the company’s auxiliary wings in the catering department terminated the employment of more than 350 members, and this move consequently caused a massive strike that has in subsequent periods been acknowledged by BA’s management as being out of control (Smale 2005, p. 1). British Airways now goes on record as having had three successive strikes in three summers (an action which cost the company up to ten million pounds a day) (Smale 2005, p. 1). The company currently enj oys very minimal staff loyalty and the current staffing levels are at an all-time low. There is also enough evidence to suggest that there is worker militancy that was characteristic of British Airways employees in the 70s and 80s and the vice is still being perpetrated by current employees (Smale 2005, p. 1). There is therefore very minimal cooperation between British Airways employees and its management. This has consequently turned into an almost ‘cat and mouse’ game where the workers strategize to affect the company’s operations by striking when the company is supposed to cash in on high travel periods like summers or when the company’s shareholders are meeting (to spoil the company’s reputation in the eyes of its investors). These kinds of employee actions pose a threat to the company’s long-term sustainability. British Airways’ Product, Service and Program Sustainability Outcome British Airway’s sustainability in the airli ne sectors significantly depends on its products, services and programs because it has in the past traditionally enjoyed a longstanding monopoly in the provision of airline products and services in its traditional markets. However, recent decades have seen the entrance of new airline companies like Qatar airways, Emirates (and the likes) infringe on its market share through the provision of high quality services, products and programs. This has consequently caused a lot of jitters in the organization because the company has realized that if it does not change its traditional products or services, it may eventually lose out on its traditional markets. This has forced the company to come up with new products and services such as the ‘world travelers plus’ and the ‘lounge in the sky’ products and services (The Hindu Business Line 2011, p. 2). These two new products are part of a wider scheme to come up with a comprehensive array of new products and services ai med at ensuring the company’s traditional clients are satisfied with the organization and remain loyal to it. The ‘world travelers plus’ and the ‘lounge in the sky’ products and services are essentially a fourth class cabin category of products and services which are also a product of a 600 million pound investment scheme undertaken by the company in 2001(The Hindu Business Line 2011, p. 4). These new products and services were accompanied by a revamping of the company’s class cabins concord, check-ins and lounges which have been attributed to the companies increased client base over the past few years (The Hindu Business Line 2011, p. 4). These new products and services are also as a result of an additional 150 million pounds investment in an upgrade of its long-haul fleet (which includes new seats and seatback videos) (The Hindu Business Line 2011, p. 4). From these new products and services, British Airways has done a commendable job of imp roving its sustainability status with regards to its products and services. Recommendations To improve the company’s financial performance, it is therefore quite important for the company to properly manage its human resource, because as evidenced from the company’s financial performance, its losses were significantly caused by the series of losses in the last three years. It therefore comes as no surprise that the biggest financial streak of losses for the company started after it started experiencing industrial action. Comprehensively, we can acknowledge that the company needs to reenergize its human resource functions and at the same time, capitalize on its product and service innovations to revamp its financial performance and consequently enhance its sustainability. Conclusion This study identifies the fact that British Airways is facing a sustainability problem in the sense that some of its major organizational aspects which determine its survival are not being p roperly managed or not performing to the expected standards. The major sustainability aspects posing significant challenges to the company include its personnel management and financial performance. However, with regards to its products, service and program innovation, the company is fairing on well. Nonetheless, from the entire analysis, we understand that the three sustainability areas mentioned above are all conjoined, in that; they affect each another in one way or another. References Authenticity Consulting. (2011) Organizational Sustainability. (Online) Available at: http://managementhelp.org/org_sustain/org_sustain.htm . Black, R. (2007) Quality Assurance and Certification in Ecotourism. London, Cabi. CRC. (2011) Principles of Total Quality. London, CRC Press. Hospitality-Industry. (2011) JetBlue Airlines Leads Airline Industry in Customer Loyalty. (Online) Available at: http://www.hospitality-industry.com/index.php/news/comments/jetblue_airways_leads_airline_industry_in_cust omer_loyalty/ Mcghie, T. (2010) Record Losses at British Airways Spark Survival Fears. (Online) Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/article-1278655/Record-losses-British-Airways-spark-survival-fears.html . Milmo, D. (2009) British Airways Makes Worst Ever Loss. (Online) Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/may/22/british-airways-record-loss . Oxford Information Services Limited. (2010) An Analysis of BA’s Marketing  Environment. (Online) Available at: http://www.coursework.biz/Essays/University/Business_Studies/115/ Smale, W. (2005) BA’s Long History Of Staff Disputes. (Online) Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4144712.stm . The Hindu Business Line. (2011) British Airways Launches New Products, Services. (Online) Available at: http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2001/08/14/stories/141404j1.htm . Trim, H. (2008) How Will T5 Fiasco Affect BA’s Net Promoter Score. (Online) Available at: http://www.freshnetworks.com/blo g/2008/03/how-will-t5-fiasco-affect-ba-net-promoter-score/ Winthrop Corporation. (2000) British Airways Plc. (Online) Available at: http://www.corporateinformation.com/CompanySnapshot.aspx?cusip=110419306 . This assessment on Sustainability Management – British Airways was written and submitted by user Ravenous to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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